Explanation

• The National Assembly and Senate passed the amendment on 7 January 2020.
• It provided a legal framework for the appointment, reappointment, and extension of the Chief of Army Staff (COAS).
• COAS Tenure (Amended): 3 years
• President Dr. Arif Alvi signed it on 10 January 2020, following the Supreme Court's 2019 decision.

Last verified on 27-07-2026

Explanation

• A Pycnocline is an ocean layer where water density changes rapidly with depth.
• Density changes mainly due to variations in temperature and salinity.
• It acts as a barrier that limits the mixing of surface and deep waters.

Additional information:

• Thermocline: Rapid change in temperature
• Halocline: Rapid change in salinity

Last verified on 26-07-2026

Explanation

• Votes Required to Win: 270
• Total Electoral College Votes: 538
• States: 50
• Federal District: Washington, D.C. (3 electoral votes)
• Election Frequency: Every 4 years

Last verified on 26-07-2026

Explanation

• Chief Minister: Maryam Nawaz
• Oath Taken: 26 February 2024
• Province: Punjab
• Predecessor: Mohsin Naqvi
• Political Party: Pakistan Muslim League (N) – PML-N

Additional information:

• Benazir Bhutto was Pakistan's first woman Prime Minister.
• She was serving from 1988–1990 and 1993–1996.

Last verified on 26-07-2026

Explanation

• Guarantor Countries: Russia, Iran, Turkey
• Agreement Date: 4 May 2017
• Venue: Astana (now Astana), Kazakhstan
• Purpose: Reduce fighting, protect civilians, and facilitate humanitarian aid.
• Conflict: Syrian Civil War (began in 2011)

Last verified on 21-07-2026