Explanation

• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon that can occur at any temperature.
• It occurs when high-energy molecules escape from the liquid surface into the air.
• Unlike boiling, evaporation does not require the liquid to reach its boiling point.

Last verified on 14-11-2026

Explanation

• Thermodynamics studies the relationship between heat, temperature, energy, and work.

Additional information:

• First law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (Law of energy conservation)
• Second law: Heat flows from hot to cold spontaneously
• Third law: Absolute zero cannot be reached
• Zeroth law: Establishes temperature measurement
• Applications: Engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, and power plants

Last verified on 13-03-2026

Explanation

• The loss of electrons and protons (H+ ions) is called oxidation.

Additional information:

• Reduction is the gain of electrons.
• Both processes occur together in redox reactions.

Explanation

Definition: Possess both magnitude and direction.

Representation: Represented by arrows, where the length indicates magnitude and the arrowhead indicates direction.

Examples: 

• Displacement
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Force
• Momentum

Additional information 

Difference from Scalars: Unlike scalars, which only have magnitude (e.g., speed), vectors require both to be fully defined

Last updated on 09-03-2026

Explanation

• The movement of water from higher water potential to lower water potential is called osmosis.
• It occurs through a semi-permeable membrane.
• Only water molecules move in osmosis.
• It is a passive process (no energy required).

Last verified on 18-06-2026