Explanation

• Kharaj was the land tax imposed on agricultural land.
• It was originally collected from non-Muslim cultivators and landlords in the Islamic state.

Additional information:

• Jizyah: Personal tax on eligible non-Muslim adult males
• Khums: One-fifth (20%) of war booty and certain other specified gains
• Zakat: 2.5% annual tax on eligible Muslim wealth
• Ushr: One-tenth (10%) of agricultural produce from naturally irrigated Muslim-owned land

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Explanation

• The Mahabharata contains 18 Parvas (books/sections).
• It is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of Hindu tradition.
• It describes the Kurukshetra war and teachings of Dharma.
• It includes the Bhagavad Gita in Bhishma Parva.
• It is attributed to sage Vyasa.

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

• The Dvaita philosophy was founded by Madhvacharya.
• It teaches dualism, meaning God and individual souls are separate.
• It strongly emphasizes devotion to Lord Vishnu.
• It is one of the major schools of Vedanta philosophy.
• It opposes the non-dualism (Advaita) of Shankaracharya.

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

• The Filioque controversy concerned the procession of the Holy Spirit in Christian theology.
• It debated whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only or from the Father and the Son.
• It became a major issue between Eastern and Western Christianity.
• It contributed to the Great Schism (1054 AD).
• It is a key doctrinal dispute in Christian history.

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

• The Bhagavata Purana is primarily devoted to Lord Vishnu, especially in his incarnation as Krishna.
• It is one of the major 18 Puranas in Hindu tradition.
• It emphasizes devotion (Bhakti) and spiritual liberation.
• It highlights the life and teachings of Krishna.
• It is widely regarded as a key text of Vaishnavism.

Last verified 13-06-2026