Explanation

• Harappa was an Indus civilization urban centre.
• It lies in Punjab Province, Pakistan, on an old bank/bed of the River Ravi. 
• Harappa was the first site of the civilization to be excavated in 1921.
• The excavation team was led by Daya Ram Sahni.

Last verified on 25-06-2026

Explanation

• Mohenjo-Daro is located in the Larkana district of Sindh.
• Mohenjo Daro means Mound of the Dead.
• It was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji.
• It is a 4000-year-old city of the Indus Civilization.
• It was built around 2500 BC.

Last verified on 11-06-2026

Explanation

• The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) flourished around 2500 BC in South Asia.
• Major cities include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira.
• It developed advanced town planning, drainage systems, and trade networks.
• The civilization declined around 1900 BC.
• Early development: 3300 BC (Early Harappan phase).

Last verified on 08-06-2026

Explanation

• The Vale of Peshawar was the central region of the ancient Gandhara Civilization.
• Gandhara flourished from 6th century BCE to 11th century CE.
• Its main cities included Taxila and Pushkalavati (near Peshawar).
• It was famous for Buddhist art and learning centers.
• It connected South Asia with Central Asia through trade routes.

Last verified on 01-05-2026

Explanation

Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)

• Also known as the Indus Civilisation.
• A Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia.
• Existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.
• Reached its mature phase between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE.

Last verified on 30-04-2026