Explanation

• Appointment: Chairman of SPPC under National Security Division, Pakistan (2019–2021).
• Concurrent Role: Special Assistant to the Prime Minister on National Security Division and Strategic Policy Planning.
• SPPC Function: Advises on national security, strategic policy, and planning.

Last verified on 24-03-2026

Explanation

• Raza Rabbani: Elected to IPU Executive Committee in October 2019.
• Event: 141st General Assembly held in Belgrade.
• Term: Representing Pakistan for 3 years.
• Aqeel Malik: In April 2025, elected to IPU High-Level Advisory Group on Countering Terrorism & Violent Extremism.

Last verified on 24-03-2026

Explanation

• Google Wing launched its drone delivery service in Australia in 2014 (trial phase).
• Service delivers small packages, food, and medical supplies to homes.
• Uses autonomous drones for faster, contactless delivery.

Last verified on 24-03-2026

Explanation

• First Introduced: 1933 by Chaudhary Rahmat Ali.
• Pamphlet: Titled "Now or Never" meaning Are We to Live or Perish Forever?

Additional information:

• First Use of Pakistan: Word appeared for the first time in this pamphlet.
• Based On: Two-nation theory of Syed Ahmed Khan.

Regions Represented (Pakistan):

1. Punjab
2. Afghanistan
3. Kashmir
4. Sindh
5. Baluchistan

Last verified on 24-03-2026

Explanation

Explanation

• Passed By: National Assembly in November 1985 under PM Muhammad Khan Junejo.
• Drafted/Enforced By: To legalize actions of General Zia-ul-Haq’s military regime (1977–1985).
• Purpose: Shifted Pakistan from a parliamentary democracy to a quasi-presidential system.
• Key Feature: President gained the power to dissolve the National Assembly under Article 58(2)(b).
• Result: Legalized all martial law orders, ordinances, and actions of Zia, strengthening the President’s authority over the Prime Minister.

Last verified on 24-03-2026

Explanation

About Senate of Pakistan

• Senate: Upper House of Pakistan
• Senate in Urdu: ایوان بالا
• Senate elections: after 3 years
• Members term: 6 years
• Half of the Senate members retire after: 3 years
• Formation: 1973
• Original members: 45
• Raised to 63: 1977
• Raised 87: 2 March, 1985
• Raised to 100: 2002
• Current: 96

Additional information:

• Head of Senate is called: Chairman
• National Assembly & Senate: Makes up the Parliament of Pakistan
• Seats for each province: 23
• Baluchistan, Sindh, KPK, Punjab Women Seats: 4
• ICT Women Seat: 1
• Total Women Seats: 17

First woman deputy chairperson: Dr Noor Jahan Panezai.

Youngest Chairman Senate: Sadiq Sanjrani.

First Chairman Senate: Habib Ullah Khan.

First Hindu Woman Senator: Kirshna Kumari.

Last verified on 24-03-2026

Explanation

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Signed On: 28 June 1919
• Parties Involved: Allied Powers vs Germany
• Purpose: To establish peace and codify terms after World War I
• Key Fact: Primary treaty from the Paris Peace Conference
• Region Affected: Europe

• Imposed war guilt on Germany (Article 231)
• Enforced reparations and military restrictions on Germany
• Laid foundations that later influenced World War II

Last Verified on 13-01-2026

Explanation

• Bubble Sort repeatedly compares and swaps adjacent elements until the array is sorted.
• Average case involves roughly n(n-1)/2 comparisons, which gives O(n²) time complexity.
• Best case: O(n) if the array is already sorted (with optimized check).
• Worst case: O(n²) when the array is reverse sorted.

Last verified on 24-03-2026

Explanation

Factorial is defined as: n! = n × (n - 1)! for n ≥ 1, and 0! = 1.

Recursive algorithm:

• if n = 0 return 1
• else return F(n - 1) * n

To compute F(n) - F(n - 1), first calculate F(n) recursively using this formula, then subtract F(n - 1).

Last verified on 24-03-2026