Explanation

• A diesel engine’s normal operating coolant temperature is commonly around 80–95°C, depending on the engine model.
• 90°C is a typical operating temperature for many diesel engines.
• The cooling system maintains this temperature to support efficient operation and prevent overheating.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• George Harrison Shull (1874–1954) was an American geneticist recognized as a pioneer of modern hybrid corn technology.
• In 1908, Shull published research explaining the role of inbreeding and crossbreeding in producing hybrid vigor (heterosis).
• Hybrid seed technology uses controlled crosses between selected parent plants to produce offspring with desirable traits, such as higher yield.

Additional information:

• Yuan Longping: The Father of Hybrid Rice.
• Norman Borlaug: The Father of the Green Revolution.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Apomixis: Seed formation without fertilization, meaning the fusion of male and female gametes does not occur.
• The offspring are often genetically identical to the parent plant because the seed develops without normal sexual reproduction.

Additional information:

• Parthenocarpy: Fruit development without fertilization; it commonly produces seedless fruits.
• Grafting: A vegetative propagation method in which parts of two plants are joined.
• Scion: The shoot or stem piece joined to the rootstock during grafting.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Sugarcane is commonly propagated vegetatively using stem cuttings called setts, which contain buds for sprouting.
• A seed rate of approximately 7–9 tons per hectare may be used.
• It is depending on sett size, planting method, row spacing, and local agricultural recommendations.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Food processing: The process of converting raw agricultural products into food products or improving their value, quality, convenience, and usability.
• Examples include making juice from oranges and cheese from milk.

Additional information:

• Food science: The study of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of food.
• Food preservation: The process of preventing or slowing food spoilage to extend shelf life.
• Examples include refrigeration, drying, and canning.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Sour citrus varieties, including sour oranges and related citrus fruits.
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is known for citrus production in areas such as Malakand and Swat.
• Citrus cultivation depends on suitable temperatures, soil conditions, and water availability.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Carbamate and organophosphate insecticides mainly affect the nervous system by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
• This causes acetylcholine to accumulate at nerve junctions, leading to continuous nerve stimulation, paralysis, and potentially death.
• These insecticides can also be toxic to humans and other animals, so proper handling and protective equipment are essential.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Approximately 80,000 setts per hectare is a possible recommended figure.
• Sugarcane setts are pieces of sugarcane stalk containing buds used for planting and propagation.
• The number of setts required per hectare depends on row spacing, sett length, number of buds, and planting method.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Predator-prey: One organism (the predator) hunts, kills, and directly eats another living organism (the prey) for food.
• Example: A lion hunting and eating a zebra.

Additional information:

• Parasitism: One organism (the parasite) lives on or inside another organism (the host) and feeds off it. It harms the host but usually does not kill it right away.
• Example: Fleas drinking blood from a dog.
• Mutualism: A close relationship where both organisms help each other and benefit.
• Example: Bees collecting nectar while pollinating flowers.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Tropical regions generally have high temperatures, abundant rainfall, and high humidity, especially near the equator.

Additional information:

• Arid regions are dry and receive very little rainfall.
• Polar regions have extremely low temperatures and generally low precipitation.

Last verified on 16-10-2026