Explanation

• Waterlogging occurs when the groundwater table rises close to the soil surface, saturating the root zone and reducing the oxygen available to plant roots.

Effective remedial measures include:

• Conjunctive use of water: Using surface water and groundwater together to manage water levels.
• Canal lining: Reducing seepage from canals to limit groundwater recharge.
• Consumptive use of water: Growing suitable crops and managing irrigation to increase water use and reduce excess moisture.

Counter adjacent is not a standard, clearly defined waterlogging-control measure.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Sugarcane yield is measured in tonnes per hectare (t/ha).
• A yield of 60–70 tonnes per hectare.
• Improved varieties, balanced fertilization, timely irrigation, and effective pest control can increase yield.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• The camshaft has specially shaped projections called cams that push the valves open at the correct time.
• The valve springs help close the valves after the cams release them.
• The camshaft is synchronized with the crankshaft to ensure correct valve timing during the engine cycle.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• The piston moves up and down inside the cylinder during the engine cycle.
• The connecting rod transfers this motion to the crankshaft, which converts it into rotary motion.
• The crankshaft transmits rotational power to other engine components or the transmission system.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• An experimental unit is the basic unit on which a treatment is applied independently.
• In agricultural experiments, an experimental unit may be a small plot of land, a plant, or a group of animals.
• For example, if different fertilizers are tested on separate plots, each plot receiving a fertilizer treatment is an experimental unit.
• The experimental unit is important for proper treatment application, data collection, and statistical analysis.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Large orifice: The head varies significantly across the opening, so the velocity of water is not uniform over the entire orifice.

Additional information:

• Small orifice: The head is generally considered large compared with the orifice dimension.
• It is commonly H≥5d, so the head variation across the opening can be neglected.
• The classification depends on the head relative to the orifice's vertical dimension.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Isohyetal Method: Lines called isohyets connect points receiving equal rainfall.
• The area between successive isohyets is measured, and the average rainfall for each zone is used to calculate the weighted average precipitation.
• This method considers the spatial variation of rainfall across the catchment, making it generally more accurate when sufficient rainfall data are available.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Meristem culture uses the tiny growing region at the shoot tip, called the apical meristem, to develop new plants under sterile laboratory conditions.
• The apical meristem is often free from viruses or contains a very low concentration of them, making it useful for producing virus-free planting material.
• This technique is widely used for crops such as potato, sugarcane, banana, and other plants that are vegetatively propagated.
• The resulting plants can be multiplied rapidly while maintaining desirable characteristics of the parent plant.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• The rear wheel helps counteract side draft, which is the sideways force that tends to pull the plough away from its intended line of travel.
• It helps maintain the stability and proper alignment of the disc plough during operation.
• Proper control of side draft improves the quality and uniformity of ploughing.

Last verified on 17-10-2026

Explanation

• Primary tillage is the first major soil-working operation performed before planting a crop.
• It breaks and loosens the soil, reducing its strength and resistance to root growth.
• It rearranges soil aggregates and may incorporate or cover plant residues, weeds, and other materials.
• Common primary tillage implements include mouldboard ploughs, disc ploughs, and chisel ploughs.

Last verified on 17-10-2026