Explanation

• Basin irrigation is a traditional surface-irrigation method in which land is divided into small, level basins surrounded by raised boundaries.
• Water is allowed to flow into each basin and spread over the soil to irrigate crops or trees.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Tailwater recovery is the collection, storage, and reuse of irrigation water that runs off the end of a field.

Additional information:

• Drip irrigation delivers water directly to plant roots through pipes and emitters.
• Surge irrigation applies water intermittently to furrows to improve water distribution and reduce runoff.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Aerobic decomposition: Microorganisms decompose organic matter in the presence of oxygen.
• It generally occurs faster and produces carbon dioxide, water, and other products.
• Anaerobic decomposition: Microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
• It can produce methane, carbon dioxide, and other compounds.
• Both processes are important in composting, sewage treatment, and organic-waste management.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Biodegradable waste is waste that microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, can break down naturally.
• Vegetable waste from farms, including leaves, stems, and spoiled vegetables, decomposes naturally.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Square Feet: 43,560 sq ft

Additional information:

• Square Yards: 4,840 sq yd
• Hectares: ~0.4047 hectares
• Square Meters: ~4,047 sq m

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Capillary tension: Helps retain water in small soil pores against the force of gravity.
• Soil porosity: Determines the amount and size distribution of pore spaces in soil, affecting how much water can be stored.
• Soil texture, especially the proportion of sand, silt, and clay, also strongly influences water-holding capacity.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• AutoCAD: Primarily a computer-aided design (CAD) software used for technical drawing, drafting, and engineering design.
• It is not traditionally classified as a dedicated GIS.

Additional information:

• MapInfo: GIS software used for mapping and spatial data analysis.
• IDRISI 32: GIS and remote-sensing software developed by Clark University.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Lining of canals: Prevents seepage from irrigation canals and helps prevent waterlogging from developing, but it is not a direct drainage method for removing excess groundwater from already waterlogged land.

Additional information:

• Tubewell (vertical) drainage: Pumps groundwater out to lower the water table.
• Bio-drainage: Uses trees to absorb water from the soil and reduce the groundwater level.
• Contour drainage: Can help manage excess surface water depending on the land and drainage design.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Gypsum: Supplies calcium, which replaces exchangeable sodium in sodic soil and helps improve soil structure.
• Leaching: Water is used to wash dissolved salts and displaced sodium from the root zone, provided adequate drainage is available.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Alkaloids: Tea leaves contain caffeine.
• It is a naturally occurring alkaloid that acts as a stimulant.
• Tannins: Tea leaves contain polyphenolic compounds traditionally called tannins, which contribute to tea’s astringent taste.
• Both substances are found in tea leaves and influence the taste and effects of tea.

Last verified on 16-10-2026