Explanation

• When the brake shoe or brake pad presses against a rotating drum or disc, friction is produced.
• This friction converts the tractor’s kinetic energy into heat energy, slowing down or stopping the wheels.
• Brake effectiveness depends on the friction between the braking surfaces and the condition of the brake components.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Saturated vapour exists at the saturation temperature corresponding to a given pressure.
• During boiling, liquid water changes into steam at its saturation temperature, provided the pressure remains constant.
• At standard atmospheric pressure, water boils at approximately 100°C, and its saturation pressure is approximately 101.325 kPa.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Shaft horsepower (SHP): It is the mechanical power delivered to the pump shaft by the motor or engine.
• It represents the input power to the pump, before losses occur inside the pump.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Specific capacity of a well is the discharge of a well per unit of drawdown.
• It is calculated by dividing the well discharge by the drawdown.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• In a septic tank, anaerobic bacteria decompose organic matter in sewage in the absence of free oxygen.

Additional information:

• Anaerobic decomposition: These bacteria break down organic waste without requiring free oxygen.
• Sludge reduction: This process helps decompose accumulated organic solids and reduces the amount of sludge.
• Biogas production: Anaerobic decomposition can produce gases such as methane and carbon dioxide.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Suppressed weir: A rectangular weir whose crest length spans the full width of the channel, so there is no lateral contraction of the flowing water.

Additional information:

• Contracted weir: The crest length is less than the channel width, allowing water to contract at the sides.
• Broad-crested weir: A weir with a relatively wide, flat crest over which water flows.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Onion seeds have a relatively short storage life and lose viability quickly under unsuitable storage conditions.
• Onion seeds are sensitive to moisture and high temperatures. Cool, dry storage helps maintain their germination capacity.
• Properly dried onion seeds stored under suitable conditions can remain viable longer than seeds kept in warm, humid environments.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• The suitable pH range for most plant tissue culture media is approximately 5.8–6.5.
• The pH affects nutrient availability, nutrient uptake, and the growth and development of plant cells and tissues.
• In many protocols, the culture medium is adjusted to around pH 5.6–5.8 before sterilization.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• The man-hours required for dibbling are approximately 200–250 man-hours.
• Dibbling is a method of sowing in which seeds are placed manually in holes at specific spacing and depth.
• It requires considerable labour because workers make holes and place seeds individually.
• The labour requirement varies with crop type, seed spacing, soil conditions, and workers’ efficiency.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Base period is the time between the first watering and the last watering of a crop, usually expressed in days.
• Crop period is the time from sowing to harvesting (or, in some irrigation references, from sowing to crop maturity).
• The base period is generally shorter than the crop period because the crop may be sown before the first irrigation and remain in the field after the last irrigation.

Last verified on 16-10-2026