Explanation

• Environmental determinism emphasizes the influence of nature on human life.
• Climate, landforms and natural resources are considered important factors.
• Friedrich Ratzel is one of the major scholars associated with this approach.

Last verified on 12-11-2026

Explanation

• Erosion is the removal and transportation of soil and rock.
• Rivers, wind, glaciers and sea waves are important agents of erosion.
• Erosion changes the Earth's surface and creates different landforms.

Last verified on 12-11-2026

Explanation

• The focus is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins.
• Seismic energy is released from this point.
• The epicentre is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus.

Last verified on 12-11-2026

Explanation

• Relief rainfall is also known as orographic rainfall.
• Moist air rises when it encounters a mountain barrier.
• The rising air cools, condenses and produces rainfall, usually on the windward side.

Last verified on 12-11-2026

Explanation

• The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
• Most weather phenomena occur in this layer.
• Clouds, rain, storms, and winds mainly occur here.
• It extends roughly 8–15 km above Earth’s surface.

• Mesosphere: About 50–85 km; most meteors burn up here.
• Ionosphere: Region with many charged particles; important for radio communication and auroras.
• Stratosphere: About 12–50 km; contains the ozone layer.

Last verified on 12-11-2026