Explanation

• The Al-Azhar Mosque and University in Cairo was founded by Al-Muizz li-Din Allah.
• It was established in 970–972 CE after the Fatimids founded Cairo.

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

• The Abbasid Caliphate shifted its capital from Kufa to Baghdad in 145 AH (762 CE).
• This decision was made by Caliph Al-Mansur.
• Baghdad was built as a new planned capital named Madinat al-Salam (City of Peace).
• Reason: Strategic, political, and administrative control

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

• Abdul Malik ibn Marwan made Arabic the official language of administration in the Umayyad Caliphate.
• Period: 685–705 CE
• Languages replaced: Greek (Syria) and Persian (Iraq/Iran)
• Impact: Centralized and strengthened Umayyad governance

Last verified on 13-06-2026

Explanation

Last verified on 12-06-2026

Explanation

• Hazrat Ali (R.A) ruled as Caliph for about 4 years and 9 months (656–661 CE).
• His caliphate began in 35 AH (656 CE) after the martyrdom of Hazrat Uthman (R.A).
• It ended in 40 AH (661 CE) with his martyrdom in Kufa.

Last verified on 10-06-2026