Explanation

• Bar harrow: Used for shallow tillage and can uproot or dislodge weeds, helping to control them in agricultural fields.

Additional information:

• Rotavator: Breaks soil clods and prepares a fine seedbed; it can also incorporate weeds into the soil.
• Plank: Used mainly for levelling soil and pressing it lightly after tillage.
• Disc plough: Used for primary tillage, cutting and turning soil.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Iron (Fe) is an immobile or poorly mobile nutrient in plants.
• Its deficiency commonly causes interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between the veins) in young leaves.

Additional information:

• Iron is a micronutrient required for chlorophyll formation and several plant enzyme processes.
• Iron deficiency is common in calcareous soils, where high soil pH reduces iron availability.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Potato (Solanum tuberosum) belongs to the Solanaceae family.
• It is commonly known as the nightshade family.
• This family includes tomato, eggplant (brinjal), chilli, and tobacco.
• The edible part of the potato is a modified underground stem called a tuber.

Additional information:

• Fabaceae: Pea, bean, and lentil family.
• Poaceae: Grass family, including wheat, rice, and maize.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Cotton is a fibre crop grown mainly for the natural fibre obtained from its seeds.
• It is used to manufacture textiles and clothing.
• Cottonseed is also used to produce cottonseed oil and animal feed.
• In Pakistan, cotton is an important cash crop.
• It is a major raw material for the textile industry.

Additional information:

• Scientific name: Gossypium
• Crop season: Kharif

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Mounted implement: An agricultural implement attached directly to the tractor's three-point linkage and raised or lowered by the tractor's hydraulic system.

Additional information:

• Semi-mounted implement: Partly supported by the tractor and partly by its own wheels.
• Trailed implement: Pulled by the tractor but supported mainly by its own wheels.
• Self-propelled implement: Has its own engine and moves under its own power.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Basin irrigation is a traditional surface-irrigation method in which land is divided into small, level basins surrounded by raised boundaries.
• Water is allowed to flow into each basin and spread over the soil to irrigate crops or trees.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Tailwater recovery is the collection, storage, and reuse of irrigation water that runs off the end of a field.

Additional information:

• Drip irrigation delivers water directly to plant roots through pipes and emitters.
• Surge irrigation applies water intermittently to furrows to improve water distribution and reduce runoff.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Capillary tension: Helps retain water in small soil pores against the force of gravity.
• Soil porosity: Determines the amount and size distribution of pore spaces in soil, affecting how much water can be stored.
• Soil texture, especially the proportion of sand, silt, and clay, also strongly influences water-holding capacity.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Lining of canals: Prevents seepage from irrigation canals and helps prevent waterlogging from developing, but it is not a direct drainage method for removing excess groundwater from already waterlogged land.

Additional information:

• Tubewell (vertical) drainage: Pumps groundwater out to lower the water table.
• Bio-drainage: Uses trees to absorb water from the soil and reduce the groundwater level.
• Contour drainage: Can help manage excess surface water depending on the land and drainage design.

Last verified on 16-10-2026

Explanation

• Gypsum: Supplies calcium, which replaces exchangeable sodium in sodic soil and helps improve soil structure.
• Leaching: Water is used to wash dissolved salts and displaced sodium from the root zone, provided adequate drainage is available.

Last verified on 16-10-2026