Explanation

Article 25-A of the Constitution of Pakistan mandates the provision of free and compulsory education to all children from the age of five to sixteen years.

The obligation is defined by age, not by a specific class number like 3, 5, or 8, making it inclusive of all grades within that age bracket. 

 Last updated NA 12-04-2026

Explanation

SSC stands for Secondary School Certificate.

It is awarded after successful completion of Grade 10.

Matriculation usually includes:

• SSC Part-I → 9th class
• SSC Part-II → 10th class

It is required for admission into Intermediate (College level).

Last verified on 23-05-2026

Explanation

• Newton's Second Law of motion explains the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration
• Through the equation F = ma, which states that the acceleration of an object
• It is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
• This means a greater force produces greater acceleration,
• While a greater mass results in less acceleration for the same force.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Beta radiation consists of high-speed electrons emitted from the nucleus.
• These are produced during beta decay of unstable atoms.
• They are more penetrating than alpha but less than gamma radiation.
• Beta radiation can be stopped by thin metal sheets (like aluminum).

Last verified on 06-05-2026

Explanation

• Intrinsic semiconductor is pure silicon or germanium.
• Doping changes its conductivity by adding impurities.
• Phosphorus is a Group V element (has 5 valence electrons).
• It donates extra electrons when added to silicon.
• So it increases negative charge carriers (electrons).

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• The Hall Effect occurs when a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a current-carrying conductor.
• It produces a measurable Hall voltage.
• This effect gives important information about charge carriers in a material.
• It helps identify type, number, and motion of carriers.
• So it is widely used in solid-state physics.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• An isothermal process occurs at constant temperature.
• For an ideal gas, internal energy depends only on temperature.
• So in isothermal process, change in internal energy is zero (ΔU = 0).
• From first law: Q = W.
• Heat supplied is completely converted into work.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle relates position and momentum.
• It states that Δx × Δp ≥ ħ/2.
• Position uncertainty (Δx) and momentum uncertainty (Δp) are inversely related.
• If one decreases, the other must increase.
• So precision in position reduces precision in momentum.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Heat transfer by conduction depends on thermal conductivity of material.
• Copper is a very good conductor of heat, while glass is a poor conductor.
• Both rods have same length and same temperature difference.
• So the deciding factor is only thermal conductivity (k).
• Higher k → faster energy transfer.

Last verified on 22-05-2026

Explanation

• Internal energy is the total microscopic energy of gas molecules.
• In an ideal gas, only kinetic energy of molecules is considered.
• So it depends only on temperature.
• Higher temperature means higher internal energy.

Last verified on 22-05-2026