Explanation

Total water for the year = Q

Number of days in a year = 365

Population = P

Average daily demand per person q = Total water per year / (Number of days * Population)

q = Q / (365 × P)

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Pillar Tap is commonly used with a wash basin.
• It is mounted directly on the basin or countertop.
• Pillar taps are available in hot and cold or single-mixer designs.
• They are widely used in residential and commercial buildings.
• Bib taps are generally used on walls for sinks and outdoor water points.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Domestic sewage usually contains about 0.10% solid particles.
• The remaining 99.9% is water.
• The solids include organic and inorganic matter.
• These solids are removed during sewage treatment.
• Domestic sewage mainly comes from households.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Fly Leveling is used to transfer the Reduced Level (RL) from a known Benchmark (BM) to the starting point of a project.
• It establishes a temporary benchmark or starting reference level.
• This is usually the first leveling operation before construction begins.
• It ensures all subsequent levels are based on a known elevation.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Contingency Allowance: 3–5%
• Work-Charged Establishment: Usually 1.5–2% (varies by department)
• Typical Contractor's Profit: 10%
• Typical Water Charges: 1%
• Purpose: Cover unforeseen expenses

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• The fundamental principle of surveying is to work from the whole to the part.
• First, a network of accurate control points is established.
• Then, smaller details are surveyed from these control points.
• This method helps reduce the accumulation of errors.
• It ensures greater accuracy and reliability in surveying.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• A Trap is used to block the passage of foul sewer gases.
• It contains a water seal that prevents gases from entering buildings.
• Traps are installed below sinks, wash basins, toilets, and floor drains.
• They are an essential part of a sanitary plumbing system.
• Common types include P-trap and S-trap.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• The WHO and many international standards recommend a drinking water pH range of 6.5–8.5.
• Water within this range is generally safe, non-corrosive, and suitable for consumption.
• A pH below 6.5 may cause corrosion, while a pH above 8.5 may affect taste and cause scaling.
• The ideal pH of pure water is 7.0 (neutral).

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Coagulation is the process in which flocs are produced after adding a coagulant.
• Tiny suspended particles lose their electrical charge and begin to clump together.
• During flocculation, these small flocs grow into larger, heavier flocs.
• The larger flocs are then removed by sedimentation and filtration.
• Coagulation is the first major step in conventional water treatment.

Last verified on 04-08-2026

Explanation

• Flocculation is the slow agitation of coagulant-mixed water.
• It follows the coagulation process in water treatment.
• Slow mixing helps tiny suspended particles combine into larger flocs.
• These flocs can then be removed by sedimentation and filtration.
• Flocculation is an essential step in producing clean drinking water.

Last verified on 04-08-2026