Explanation

• In Microsoft Excel, the SUM function is used for addition.
• It adds numbers in a selected range of cells.
• Example: =SUM(A1:A5) adds values from A1 to A5.

Additional information:

• AVERAGE → calculates mean
• COUNT → counts numbers
• MAX → finds highest value
• MIN → finds lowest value
• PRODUCT → multiplies values

Last verified on 19-04-2026

Explanation

F5: Starts the slideshow from the beginning.

Shift+F5: Starts the slideshow from the current slide.

Alt+F5: Starts the presentation in Presenter View. 

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

An email address consists of two parts: 

1. Username or ID (the name or ID chosen by the user)
2. Domain name (the name of the organization or service provider).

Format: Username@Domainname.com

Example: john.doe@example.com

Additional information:

• Email, short for Electronic Mail, has its roots in the early 1960s.
• The first email was sent in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson.
• He also introduced the "@" symbol to separate the username from the hostname.

Last verified on 19-04-2026

Explanation

• PNG, JPEG, and GIF are image file formats used to store pictures.
• They are widely used in websites, graphics, and digital media.
• Each format has different compression and quality features.
• JPEG is best for photos.
• PNG for high-quality images.
• GIF for animations.

Last verified on 19-04-2026

Explanation

• OTP stands for One Time Password.
• It used in banking security systems.
• It is a temporary code sent to the user’s mobile/email.
• Introduced widely in digital banking for secure transactions.
• It is valid for only one login or transaction.
• Helps prevent unauthorized access and fraud.

Last verified on 19-04-2026

Explanation

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model has seven layers

1. Layer 7: Application Layer – User interface and network applications (e.g., HTTP, FTP).
2. Layer 6: Presentation Layer – Data formatting, encryption, and compression.
3. Layer 5: Session Layer – Managing sessions between applications.
4. Layer 4: Transport Layer – End-to-end connections, flow control, and segmentation (e.g., TCP, UDP).
5. Layer 3: Network Layer – Logical addressing and routing (e.g., IP).
6. Layer 2: Data Link Layer – Physical addressing (MAC addresses) and error detection.
7. Layer 1: Physical Layer – Raw data transmission over physical media (cables, radio waves)

Last updated 15-feb-2026

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

• Information: Data processed and organized to be meaningful.
• Data Processing: The action of converting raw data into meaningful information.
• Tabulation: A specific, structured form of arranging data in rows and columns.

Explanation

• E-Government apps are designed by government agencies to provide public services
• Examples: The Pakistan Citizen Portal, Pak ID app, and e-Khidmat Markaz are examples of E-Government applications