Explanation

• Came into Force: 16 February 2005

  Adopted: 11 December 1997 (Kyoto, Japan)

• Objective: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

• Parties: 190+ countries

• Linked To: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Last verified on 15-01-2026

Explanation

• Members: USA, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan.
• Official name: Quad Regional Support for Afghanistan–Peace Process and Post Settlement.
• Announcement: July 15–16, 2021.
• Main goal: Enhance regional connectivity and expand trade and transit links.

Last verified on 29-09-2026

Explanation

The 2026 Greenland security agreement was signed by the United States, Denmark, and Greenland.

The trilateral agreement was officially formalized on September 22, 2026, on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, USA. 

It was signed by U.S. President Donald Trump, Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, and Greenlandic Prime Minister Jens-Frederik Nielsen.

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Explanation

• Pacta Sunt Servanda is a fundamental principle of international law.
• It means “agreements must be kept.”
• Under this principle, treaties in force are binding on their parties and must be performed in good faith.
• It is codified in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).

Last verified on 02-09-2026

Explanation

About Makkah Joint Defence Agreement 2026

Signing Date: 7 August 2026

Place: Al-Safa Palace, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Signatories: Shehbaz Sharif (Pakistan), Mohammed bin Salman (Saudi Arabia), Recep Tayyip Erdogan

(Turkiye)

The agreement was signed during the Makkah Al-Mukarramah Summit for Joint Defence.

An armed attack on one member will be regarded as an attack on all three.

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Explanation

• Treaty: Treaty of Lisbon
• Signed: 13 December 2007
• Location: Lisbon, Portugal
• Came into Force: 1 December 2009
• Purpose: To reform the institutions and functioning of the European Union

Last verified on 10-07-2026

Explanation

• Signed: 14 May 1955
• Headquarters: Moscow, USSR (now Russia)
• Members: USSR + 7 countries
• Type: Military defense alliance
• Purpose: Counter NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Last verified on 10-06-2026

Explanation

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Signed On: 28 June 1919
• Parties Involved: Allied Powers vs Germany
• Purpose: To establish peace and codify terms after World War I
• Key Fact: Primary treaty from the Paris Peace Conference
• Region Affected: Europe

• Imposed war guilt on Germany (Article 231)
• Enforced reparations and military restrictions on Germany
• Laid foundations that later influenced World War II

Last Verified on 13-01-2026

Explanation

• Pakistan and China signed an agreement for the ML-1 railway track in 28 April 2019.
• The agreement aims to upgrade and reconstruct the existing Karachi-Lahore-Peshawar (ML-1) railway track.
• This project is part of the CPEC.

Last verified on 11-05-2026

Explanation

• The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919.
• Exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Ended  World War I Between Germany and the Allied Powers.
• Location: Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France
• Effective: 10 January 1920
• Languages: French and English

Last updated by NA on 27 April 2026