Explanation

The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, marked the end of two major conflicts:

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, involved various European powers, including Germany.

The Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, resulted in Dutch independence from Spanish rule.

Explanation

Trees as Environmental Buffers:

Climate Regulation: Absorb CO₂, release O₂, and moderate temperatures.

Soil Protection: Prevent erosion and maintain soil health.

Water Cycle: Help in groundwater recharge and reduce flooding.

Explanation

The main idea of the solar system was proposed by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543).

who said that "the Sun is the centre of the Universe" and made the planets move around it in perfect circles

(in his book entitled, "On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres", written in Latin and published in 1543)

Explanation

• The first school for transgender persons in Punjab was inaugurated in Multan.
• The South Punjab Education Department opened the first school in Multan in July 2021.
• The initiative aimed to provide educational opportunities to the transgender community.

Last verified on 31-08-2026

Explanation

Pakistan purchased Gwadar port from Oman on 8th September 1958.

Gwadar officially became part of Pakistan on 8th December 1958.

Gwadar remained under Omani rule for 174 years from 1783 -1958 

Gwadar Port is situated on the Arabian Sea at Gwadar in Balochistan province.

Opened: 2002 

while 

Pakistan has three big sea ports  It was purchased from Oman in 1958.

Karachi Port,

Muhammad Bin Qasim port

and Gwadar port.

Explanation

• The elevation of the Kirthar Mountains is 2,260 meters (7,410 feet).
• The highest peak in the Kirthar Range is Zardak Peak.
• It stands at 7,430 feet (2,260 meters).
• The Kirthar Range is situated along the border of Balochistan and Sindh provinces.
• The hill station of Gorakh, located in the Kirthar Mountains, is situated off Dadu in Sindh.

Explanation

“APP” news agency belongs to Pakistan

APP stands for Associated Press of Pakistan

It was Founded in 1949

Its Headquarters is located in Islamabad

News Agencies of Important Countries

China: Xinhua

Russia: TASS (Telegrafnoye agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza) 

India: Press Trust of India (PTI)

France: AFP (Agence France-Presse) (also the oldest news agency)

Italy: ANSA (Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata)

USA: Associated Press (AP)

Britain: Reuters 

Malaysia: Bernama 

Israel: ITIM

Bahrain: BNA (Bahrain News Agency)

Iran: FARS

Syria: SANA(Syrian Arab News Agency)

Yemen: SABA

Indonesia: Antara 

Kuwait: KUNA (Kuwait News Agency)

Kenya: KNA (Kenya News Agency)

Explanation

Nadwat-ul-Ulama (Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama) was founded in Lucknow.

Start of Functioning: September 26, 1898, at Khatoon Manzil, Lucknow.

Ceremonial Inauguration: October 1898.

Purpose: Reform madrasa education to align with modern needs.

First Manager: Muhammad Ali Mungeri.

Current Manager: Bilal Abdul Hai Hasani Nadwi.

Explanation

Natural Sources of Vitamin D:

Fatty Fish: Salmon, mackerel (richest sources).

Animal Products: Egg yolks, liver, butter, and fortified dairy.

Explanation

In Iran, the Karez system is locally known as Qanat (قنات).

It is an ancient underground irrigation system that taps into groundwater and channels it to the surface through gently sloping tunnels.