Explanation

• Time Period: 3300 BCE – 1300 BCE (entire civilization)
• Mature Phase: 2600–1900 BCE
• Major Cities with Drainage: Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Lothal, Kalibangan
• Number of Main Drains in Mohenjo-daro: Over 700 household drains connected to covered sewers
• Population Estimate: Around 1–2 million people in urban centers

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• Ruling Dynasty: Kushanas
• Time Period: 1st century CE – 5th century CE
• Main Centers: Taxila, Peshawar Valley, Swat Valley
• Style Influences: Greek (Hellenistic), Roman, Indian
• Subjects: Buddha statues, Bodhisattvas, stupas

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

• Main Cultural Center: Taxila
• Location: Peshawar Valley, near present-day Islamabad, Pakistan
• Time Period: 6th century BCE – 5th century CE
• Purpose: Education, trade, and religious spread (Buddhism)
• Connected Regions: South Asia, Central Asia, Middle East

Last verified on 18-01-2026

Explanation

The Gandhara civilization was located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

It is particularly in the region around Taxila and Peshawar.

It was a major center of Buddhist culture.

It is art from around the 6th century BCE to the 11th century CE.

Explanation

Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) – Key Points

Also known as the Indus Civilisation.

A Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia.

Existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.

Reached its mature phase between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE.