Explanation

Article 19, Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984 embodies the Doctrine of Res gestae.

It makes facts connected with the main issue and forming part of the same transaction relevant, even if not directly in issue.

Explanation

As per Qanoon-e-Shahadat Order 1984 (Article 17), in financial or future obligations reduced to writing, proper attestation requires two men, or one man and two women.

This is based on the principle that one woman may remind the other if she forgets.

Explanation

Explanation

Primary evidence is the original document itself presented before the Court.

Secondary evidence includes certified copies, reproductions, or oral accounts of the document’s contents.

Explanation

Oral evidence is generally admissible for facts in a case, but not for the contents of a document. The contents of a document must be proven by primary (the original document itself) or, in specific circumstances, secondary evidence.

Article 70 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984, explicitly states this exclusion. It says, "All facts, except the contents of documents, may be proved by oral evidence".

The document is the best evidence of its own contents. This is a fundamental principle of evidence law. Oral testimony about what a document says is not considered reliable or admissible, as documents speak for themselves.