Explanation

The decision-making limitation you are describing is known as bounded rationality

• Core Idea: People try to make good choices, but they cannot be fully perfect or all-knowing.
• Coined By: Economist Herbert Simon in 1947.
• Result: Leaders pick a choice that is "good enough" rather than searching for the absolute best choice.

Explanation

• Public policy consists of government decisions and actions.
• Policies may be supported by laws, rules and regulations.
• Citizens and organizations may be required to comply with them.

Explanation

Public Policy

• What government does or does not do
• Includes laws, regulations, decisions, and deliberate inaction

Explanation

Organizing, as a management function, is mainly concerned with arranging resources and tasks

• Structuring work: Dividing total work into specific jobs and departments.
• Assigning roles: Matching employees to tasks based on skills, defining clear responsibilities.
• Allocating resources: Distributing physical, financial, and human resources efficiently.
• Establishing authority: Creating a clear chain of command and reporting relationships (the organizational chart).

Explanation

• The separation between political activities and administrative activities is known as the politics-administration dichotomy.

Explanation

• The Behavioral Approach in Public Administration developed mainly as a reaction against the Classical Approach.
• Ecological Approach — focuses on the environment's influence on administration, not a reaction target.
• Systems Approach — actually built upon and incorporated behavioral ideas.
• Contingency Approach — is a later development that emerged after the Behavioral Approach.

Explanation

Traditional Public Administration was characterized by

Bureaucratisation

• Formal rules and structured procedures
• Professional career civil servants

Control

• Top-down supervision
• Compliance with regulations
• Accountability via strict chain of command

Hierarchies

• Clear lines of authority
• Layered levels from top leadership to frontline workers

Explanation

• Policy termination means officially ending a policy.
• Policies are often continued or modified instead of completely terminated.
• Political and administrative factors can make termination difficult.

Explanation

• Ombudsmen are not considered a traditional pillar of Public Administration.
• Traditional Pillars
• Executive: Enforces and carries out laws.
• Legislature: Makes and passes laws.
• Judiciary: Interprets laws and applies justice.

Explanation

• Public Administration draws its foundation mainly from Political Science and Management Science.
• Political Science: Defines the policies, laws, and public purpose of government.
• Management Science: Provides the tools for execution, efficiency, and organizational structure
• Law: Establishes the rules, boundaries, and accountability.